让你降低论文重复率 paraphrase方法与关键词替换技巧

当学生在写学术论文时，他们常常需要搜集背景类的内容，这对论文来说很重要，但不建议直接引用。但许多学生担心的是“如何避免在 turnitin查重论文时出现高重复率？”这种情况下，学生需要进行英文论文的改写，所以大家不妨掌握一些写作技巧。” paraphrase”，或者” ready”，意思是提取并复述来自于另一个源文件的词汇。这就避免了在保留原文意思的同时，照搬原文的词句，从而降低了文章的重复性。然而，多写了以后，许多留学生会觉得，如果不照抄原题，就无法好好说话了。但是如果你的试卷上只有几个关键字，老师一看就知道你的词汇量很差，表达能力很弱。现在的问题是，我们究竟应该怎么去paraphrase呢？怎样才能避免频繁使用关键词(key words)？现在，我们留学生 essay代写网络将分享一些有效的语句改述方法和关键字替换技巧，并且将提供一张能取代学术论文中常用词“discause”(to cause)的词表。让我们一起来学习如何说话吧！

改述的总体思路

Paraphrase的过程一般可以分为以下7个步骤：

1. 把文章仔细读几遍;
   2. 找出它的要点;
   3. 然后把原文章放在一边;
   4. 尽量用自己的话重写要点，而不必看原文。换句话来说，就是给自己解释你读到的内容。
   5. 完成写作后，将草稿放在一边，继续看别的东西，或做别的事。只需将注意力转向别的东西，这会让你与原著保持一定距离。或者说，让你头脑清醒一些，消除原来的记忆。等你回来的时候，你会有一个全新的视角。对于原著，你的准确记忆会在一定程度上消失，你会更容易关注你自己的措辞和句子结构。
   6. 现在，还没有看原文，就把你的草稿修改一下吧。这一过程中，你将发现你正在用自己的语言表达你原来的意思。
   7.修改后，把你修改过的草稿和原稿作一比较。查看一下你修改过的草稿是否能准确地传达原文。而且他们之间的差异是否足以避免让人怀疑抄袭。
   这几个步骤将对您提高您论文的独创性和顺利通过 turnitin查重有很大的帮助。接下来我们将讨论具体的改述方法。

改述的具体方法

1. 把主动句变为被动句，反之把被动句变为主动句

这意味着将原主语和宾语的顺叙颠倒过来，使动词变成被动式。但还要注意不要改变原句的意思哦！

2. 改变词性

而英语中的词汇，大多是多词共存，因为它们的词根都是相同的。有时候我们能让它们互相利用。因此，当我们想用一个名词来表达它的意思时，我们可以把它改成动词。
Original:
Current political and economic incentives favor industry and other interest groups at the expense of health: consider the subsidies paid for corn-based agriculture and mass-produced processed foods, the tobacco revenue generated in countries with a government-owned tobacco industry, industrial growth in the face of environmental pollution, and the spread of the sedentary automobile-and-television culture.
(Source:  Venkat Narayan, K.M., Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J.  (2010, September 23).  Global noncomunicable diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)
Acceptable Paraphrase: Changed Voice and Changed Parts of Speech
Researchers point out that in attempting to implement economic growth, industry is often favored over health: government may subsidize certain forms of agriculture and food production, contribute to tobacco consumption in nations where it owns the industry and otherwise promote growth of industries that pollute. (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

3. 把从句改为短语，反之把短语改为从句

就像英语中可以将复杂的复合长句切成许多小句一样，我们也可以将主句后面的子句变成某个短语，或将该短语表达的意思改写为一个从句。
Original:
The prevalence and impact of non-communicable diseases continue to grow. Chronic diseases account for 60% of all deaths worldwide, and 80% of these deaths occur in low-or middle-income countries, where the toll is disproportionate during the prime productive years of youth and middle age.
(Source: Venkat Narayan, K.M., , Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23). Global noncomunicable diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)
Acceptable paraphrase: Changed Clause to Phrase
The increasing spread of non-communicable diseases can be seen in figures that show these diseases are responsible for 60% of all deaths on the planet, and that in countries where the population is primarily of low or middle income, the impact is greatest, often focusing on those who are young or middle-aged (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

4. 改变句子的结构

这意味着你要改变句子表达次序。例如，将倒叙的句子改成顺叙的，但改完后要注意上下句的衔接，不要太生硬。如需要使用一些承上启下的词语，以适应过度。

5. 把所有非通用的单词使用同义词

请记住，不管是中文文章还是英文文章，他们都不会重复使用某个词或某个句子来表达同样的意思。在对一篇文章进行改述时，更应注意这一点，避免出现与原作雷同的多句话。
Original:
Like drought, excess rainfall and flooding can also contribute to epidemics of waterborne infectious diseases, in this case due to poor sanitation resulting from runoff from overwhelmed sewage lines or the contamination of water by livestock.
(Source: Shuman, E., M.D. (2010, March 25). Global climate change and infectious diseases. New England Journal of Medicine; 362, 12, 1061-1063. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)
Acceptable paraphrase: Used synonyms
An overabundance of rainfall can also be a factor in spreading infectious diseases carried by water, usually as a result of overflowing sewers and pollution from farm animals (Shuman, 2010).
Acceptable paraphrase: Changed sentence structure
When there is an overabundance of rainfall, two situations can occur: sewers can overflow and water can become polluted by the presence of livestock, both of which can lead to outbreaks of waterborne diseases (Shuman, 2010).

6. 以上五种方法的综合使用

值得注意的是， trase的目的是重新表达信息，让原文的意思在你自己的文章中体现出来，而不需要原作的语言。
Original:
We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body.
(Source: Siegel, B. (1986). Love, Medicine and Miracles (p. 69). New York: Harper and Row.)
Acceptable paraphrase #1:
Siegel (1986) writes that although the relationship between brain chemistry and thoughts and feelings is not fully understood, we do know that our psychological state affects our physical state.
作者运用了哪些改述方法?

使用了同义词；
改变了句子结构；
把动词变为被动形式；
引用来源。

Acceptable paraphrase #2:
Siegel (1986) writes that the relationship between the chemicals in the brain and our thoughts and feelings remains only partially understood. He goes on to say, however, that one thing is clear: our mental state affects our bodily state.
作者运用了哪些改述方法?

使用了同义词；
改变了句子结构 （一个复杂的句子变成为两个简单句子）；
把动词变为被动形式；
改变了词性；
引用来源。

使用上述方法，仍然是不够的。首先，要多做练习，对那些失败的重述案例进行分析，以便我们能更多地总结出自己的一套研究方法，从而将论文重述率控制在最低水平。在文章的结尾，给大家展示两个失败的改述案例，你最好自己总结一下失败的地方，例子如下：
Original:
We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body.
(Source: Siegel, B. (1986). Love, Medicine and Miracles (p. 69). New York: Harper and Row.)
Unacceptable paraphrase #1:
Siegel (1986) writes that we still do not know all the ways in which brain chemistry is related to emotions and thoughts, but the important point is that our mental state has an immediate and direct effect on our physical state.

为何这是不可接受的改述?

作者保留了同意句子的结构。
作者只使用了几个同义词来改变原文的词语，其他词语都是在原文使用的。
虽然在开头作者标明原文的来源，结果是抄袭。

Unacceptable paraphrase #2:
According to Siegel (1986), our mind affects our body quickly and directly, although we do not yet understand every aspect of how brain chemicals relate to emotions and thoughts.

为何这是不可接受的改述?

虽然作者改变了句子的结构，他直接使用了原文的关键词；
虽然在开头作者标明原文的来源，结果是抄袭。

关键词替换技巧

文章要围绕主题的关键字展开，要有开头，有论点，有论证，要有结尾。但这并不意味着你的论文应该包含几个关键字！如经常重复同一个词，可扣出论文总成绩的分数。教师评价你的论文时，一定有专门评价词汇的栏目，所以你用的词汇越多，得分的机会就越大。下面我们看一下一些关键字替换的技巧和示例。

1. 同近义词

这应该是最简单粗暴的方法了，妥妥地炫耀词汇量。
government → authority
finance → fund

2. 同根词

另外一个保证精准的方式就是改变词类，进行表达的替换与保留词根。
government → governmental
art → artistic
finance → financial
用这种方法的好处是，可以把词类的关键字和其他上下意义组合起来，这样表达甚至会更简洁一些。

3. 前后加润色（副词、形容词）

当你完全不能替换某个单词时，对它进行润色，也就是说在它的前面或后面加上形容词或副词。这种表达会更精确一点，而且还可以作为替代。
artists → creative artists/ art industry/ arts institutions
government → local/ central government

4. 主被动转化

最初我们是这样写的：“政府应该支持艺术。”有时还会反其道而行之：“艺术需要政府的资助/艺术需要政府的支持”，或“政府认为其他方面需要更多的资助”，或“谁应该得到政府的资助”等等。
Governments finance arts → artists require help from the state/ rely on governmental assistance

5. 情景设定

把题目的关键点改为假设条件，然后用主句来描述具体的优缺点。
常用的句字开头是 if/ when/ because/with/ how/ whether/
When policy makers decide how to allocate budget, …
If governments need to make better budgetary allocation, …

6. 人→ 物

假如关键字是一个人物，那么我们就可以将其转变为人类所拥有的东西，而如果是一个物体，我们就只能将其转变为创造它的人。
artist → art work/ creative works of artists

7. 解释

文章标题通常是一个直接的陈述，是几个单词的简明表达。我们可以将这些词转换成需要解释的词，也就是说，向对主题一无所知的人解释这些词。最常用的方法之一是使用定语从句。
artists → people who are engaged in an activity related to creating art
再举一个例子：
题目：Multicultural societies bring more benefits than drawbacks for a country?
关键词：Multicultural societies
关键词替换：

“TO CAUSE” 可以用什么词语代替?

“To cause”，即“导致”，是在英文论文中最常用的词语之一，同学们可以用下列词语来代替这个词：
普通表达：lead to/ cause/ result in/ bring about;
高级表达：give rise to/ be responsible for/ account for;
高级替换：create/ breed/ produce/ induce/ generate.
下面给大家5个简单句例，让大家看看如何使用上面提到的一些高级替换方法来替换“tocause”。这使得简单句变得更高级了。

第一个例子

简单句：Too much work can result in stress and poor health.
高级替换： Too much work are responsible for stress and poor health.
扩展：parenthesis + which
推结果： Too much work, the most typical sign of modern life, is responsible for stress and poor health, which makes the working class burdened with a soaring medical cost.

第二个例子

简单句：Rising temperature causes the melting of the polar ice cap.
高级替换：Rising temperature accounts for the melting of the polar ice cap.
扩展：parenthesis + which
推结果：Rising temperature, the most typical sign of climate change, accounts for the melting of the polar ice cap, which raises the sea level and contributes to the displacement of people living in coastal areas.

第三个例子

简单句： Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness.
高级替换：Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can breed homesickness.
扩展：parenthesis + which
推结果：Living alone in an unfamiliar culture, the most typical experience of international students, can breed homesickness, which makes them more vulnerable to difficulties both in life and in study.

第四个例子

简单句： A water crisis could lead to political conflicts or even wars.
高级替换：A water crisis could produce political conflicts or even wars.
扩展：parenthesis + which
推结果：A water crisis, the most typical challenge in underdeveloped nations, could produce political conflicts or even wars, which further worsens the living condition of the people in poverty there.

第五个例子

简单句：An unhealthy diet can cause various health problems.
高级替换：An unhealthy diet can give rise to various health problems.
扩展：parenthesis + which
推结果：An unhealthy diet, the most common option for the working class, can give rise to various health problems, which may pose a threat to people’s longevity.

其他场景搭配:
导致偏见：lead to prejudice;
导致改变：bring a change;
导致悲剧：lead to a tragedy;
导致心脏病：cause a heart attack;
导致流言：cause tongues to wag;
导致失败：result in failures;
导致死亡：lead to death;
导致毁灭：result in the destruction;
导致成长和转变：result in growth and transformation;
导致抗药性：result in drug resistance;
导致危机：bring a crisis.

总之，在撰写英文论文时，学生一定要借鉴他人的话语和观点，所以，除了注明资料来源外，还要学会如何阅读原文，并正确地重写其他学者的英文论文。期望我们所提供的语句修改方法，关键字替换技巧，以及对“tocause”替换词的分析，能帮助学生提高写作水平，并使论文的重复率在合格的范围之内。自然，即使是整理两页纸，也要花很多时间和精力。如果你还是不想花时间，可是想得到满意的成绩，可以直接联系我们专业论文代写公司。我们资深的专家在短时间内帮你完成高分数的论文，让你轻松地通过turnitin查重！请随时联系我们的24 / 7在线客服。